Server implemented geographic information system with graphical interface

ABSTRACT

Example embodiments described herein pertain to a geographic information system (GIS), configured to obtain geospatial data representing a geographic area, assign a projection and coordinate system to the geospatial data, apply a transformation to the geospatial data, and generate a tile cache based on the transformed geospatial data, the tile cache including the determined projection and coordinate system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/847,576, filed Dec. 19, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/209,477, filed Jul. 13, 2016, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/730,123, filed Jun.3, 2015, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter disclosed herein generally relates to machinesconfigured to process data. Specifically, example embodiments relate toa server implemented geographic information system.

BACKGROUND

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture,store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present geospatial data.Typically, a GIS uses a spatio-temporal location as the key indexvariable for all other information and calculations. A GIS can relateotherwise unrelated information (e.g., geographic data) by usinglocation as the key index variable. Thus, any variable that can belocated spatially can be referenced using a GIS. Locations in Earthspace-time may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, and x, y, and zcoordinates representing longitude, latitude, and elevation,respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various ones of the appended drawings merely illustrate exampleembodiments of the present inventive subject matter and cannot beconsidered as limiting its scope.

FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating a network environment suitablefor generating and presenting a tile cache based on geospatial data,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating components of a geographicinformation system suitable to receive geospatial data usable togenerate and display a tile cache, according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the geographicinformation system in performing a method of obtaining geospatial datain order to generate and display a tile cache, according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the geographicinformation system in performing a method for determining and assigninga projection and coordinate system to the obtained geospatial data,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the geographicinformation system in performing a method for determining and assigninga projection and coordinate system to the obtained geospatial data,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 6 is an interaction diagram illustrating various exampleinteractions between the geographic information system, third partyservers, and a client device, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a user interface for presenting ageospatial data usable by the geographic information system to generateand display a tile cache, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a user interface for presenting a basemap usable by the geographic information system as a reference todetermine a projection and coordinate system to apply to the obtainedgeospatial data, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a user interface configured to receiveuser inputs defining common landmarks of the geospatial data and thebase map in order to determine a projection and coordinate system,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a user interface configured to receiveuser inputs adjusting a position of the geospatial data in relative tothe base map in order to determine a projection and coordinate system,according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine,according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from amachine-readable medium and perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments described herein pertain to a geographic informationsystem (GIS) configured to receive geospatial data from a multitude ofsources, and use the geospatial data to generate and display a tilecache. The GIS may be or include a group of one or more server machinesconfigured to provide one or more GIS services. A client device mayaccordingly request and receive, from the GIS, a tile cache based onmultiple geospatial data inputs, as well as through geospatial datasubmitted via scripts or external applications. The GIS may thendetermine an accurate corresponding projection and coordinate system ofthe geospatial data based on a user input, and in some exampleembodiments may apply a transformation to the geospatial data. Examplesmerely typify possible variations. Unless explicitly stated otherwise,components and functions are optional and may be combined or subdivided,and operations may vary in sequence or be combined or subdivided. In thefollowing description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specificdetails are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of exampleembodiments. It will be evident to one skilled in the art, however, thatthe present subject matter may be practiced without these specificdetails.

The GIS is configured (e.g., by one or more suitable modules thatinclude one or more processors) to obtain geospatial data (e.g., imagescaptured via satellite and aerial sources), determine a projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data based on user inputs and a basemap or corresponding metadata (e.g., a default projection and coordinatesystem), apply transformations to the geospatial data, and generate atile cache useable by any conventional mapping system, based on at leastthe geospatial data. A tile cache is a collection of images made fromgeospatial data, comprising images of the geospatial data at severaldifferent scales. For example, based on the source data, and eithercorresponding metadata (e.g., which includes a projection and coordinatesystem) or a user input (e.g., defining the projection and coordinatesystem), a determination may be made regarding what “scales” are neededfor the tile cache, and the size of the tiles comprising the tile cache.The GIS may obtain the geospatial data from a third party source, ordirectly from a client device.

In some example embodiments, the GIS automatically determines aprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data based oncorresponding metadata of the geospatial data. Metadata is informationabout digital data. Numerous metadata standards have been developed inthe area of geographic information systems, including at least FederalGeographic Data Committee standard (FGDC), Machine-Readable Catalogingrecord (MARC), and Dublin Core. For example, the geospatial data mayinclude metadata representing a longitude, latitude, and elevationvalues useable to determine an appropriate projection and coordinatesystem to assign to the geospatial data. After obtaining the geospatialdata, the GIS checks the metadata of the geospatial data to identify ifthere are longitude, latitude, and elevation values. If thecorresponding metadata includes the coordinate values (e.g., longitude,latitude, and elevation values), the GIS determines and assigns aprojection and coordinate system to the geospatial data. If the GISdetermines that the corresponding metadata does not include anycoordinates usable by the GIS in determining a projection and coordinatesystem, the GIS causes display of a notification on the client device,prompting the user to provide user inputs useable to identify theprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data.

In instances where the geospatial data has no corresponding longitude,latitude, and elevation values, the GIS determines a projection andcoordinate system to assign to the geospatial data based on user input.For example, the GIS is configured to present the geospatial data at aclient device, displayed beside a base map, where the geospatial dataand the base map both represent a geographic region, and the base mapincludes a corresponding base-projection and base-coordinate system. Theuser input may include inputs to “hand georectify” the geospatial databy manually selecting points on the geospatial data and the base mapwhere the selected points represent pairs of matching landmarks.Georectfiication is the digital alignment of a satellite or aerial imagewith a map of the same area. In georectfiication, a number ofcorresponding control points (e.g., landmarks such as streetintersections) are marked on both the image (e.g., the geospatial data)and the map (e.g., the base map). These locations become referencepoints in the subsequent processing of the image. The GIS determines aprojection and coordinate system for the geospatial data based on atleast the base-projection and base-coordinate system of the base map andthe user inputs identifying the matching pairs of identified points.

According to various example embodiments, the GIS is further configuredto apply a transformation to the geospatial data at the server, based onthe determined projection and coordinate system. The transformationsinclude: affine transformations (e.g. in order to create a correctlygeorectified version of the source data); converting between formats(e.g., geotiff to a jpeg); converting the image to other standardprojections (e.g., as defined in the European Petroleum Survey Group,for example); changing the transparency and/or color of the data; orgenerating a composite image based on multiple images (e.g., sourcedata) imported at different projections, such that the composite imageis of a single, uniform projection, and transparency. The transformationof the geospatial data aligns the geospatial data with the base map ofthe same area. For example, the server may distort the geospatial data(e.g., satellite image) in such a way as to put the image in thecorresponding spatial projection system of the base map. In someembodiments, the transformation is applied to the geospatial data by aconventional georectification application (e.g., the Geospatial DataExtraction Library). With the transformed (e.g., georectified)geospatial data, the GIS generates a tile cache, where the tile cache isa fraction of the size of the original image.

As an illustrative example from a user perspective, suppose a userlaunches an application configured to interact with the GIS on a clientdevice, and the application enables the user to submit geospatial datato a server in order to generate a tile cache useable by a conventionalmapping system. The GIS application may cause the display of anotification window on the client device, the user identifies an aerialsurveillance image (e.g., geospatial data) of a geographic region. Theaerial surveillance image may be located within a local storagecomponent of the client device, or a third-party database. The user mayuse the client device to transmit the aerial surveillance image to aserver of the GIS.

Having obtained the aerial surveillance image from the user through theclient device or a third-party server, the GIS may then identify,determine, and assign a projection and coordinate system to the aerialsurveillance image, in order to apply any necessary transformations tothe aerial surveillance image. If the GIS determines that the aerialsurveillance image has no associated metadata which identifies acorresponding projection and coordinate system, the GIS obtains a basemap of the same geographic region of the geospatial data (e.g., from theclient device). The GIS may then display the base map and the aerialsurveillance image within a graphical user interface presented on theclient device.

The user may then identify matching pairs of landmarks located withinthe aerial surveillance image and the base map through user inputs onthe graphical user interface displayed on the client device. Afterselecting a minimum number of landmark pairs, the GIS identifies andassigns a projection and coordinate system to the aerial surveillanceimage. The GIS then applies a transformation to the aerial surveillanceimage based on the assigned projection and coordinate system.

Having applied a transformation to the aerial surveillance image, theGIS generates a tile cache at the GIS server, and delivers the tilecache to the client device. Additionally, the user may choose to requestindividual tiles, or to download the entire tile cache. The user maythen use the individual tiles, or the entire tile cache within anyconventional mapping system to view the surveyed area.

FIG. 1 is a network diagram illustrating a network environment 100suitable for operating a GIS (e.g., geographic information systemapplication (GIS) 142), according to some example embodiments. Anetworked system 102, provides server-side functionality, via a network104 (e.g., an Intranet, the Internet or a Wide Area Network (WAN)), toone or more clients. FIG. 1 illustrates, for example, a web client 112(e.g. a web browser), client application(s) 114, and a programmaticclient 116 executing on respective client device 110. It shall beappreciated that although the various functional components of thesystem 100 are discussed in the singular sense, multiple instances ofone or more of the various functional components may be employed.

An Application Program Interface (API) server 120 and a web server 122are coupled to, and provide programmatic and web interfaces respectivelyto, one or more application server 140. The application server(s) 140host the GIS 142. The application servers 140 are, in turn, shown to becoupled to one or more database servers 124 that facilitate access toone or more databases 126.

The GIS 142 is a server application with a web front-end that obtainsgeospatial data and allows georectification (e.g., an application oftransformations) of the geospatial data and may output the data invarious forms for the networked system 102. For example, the GIS 142 maybe configured to obtain geospatial data, apply a georectification (e.g.,transformation) to the geospatial data, and output a tile cache based onthe georectified geospatial data. While the GIS 142 is shown in FIG. 1to form part of the networked system 102, it will be appreciated that,in alternative embodiments, the GIS 142 may form part of a system thatis separate and distinct from the networked system 102.

FIG. 1 also illustrates a third-party application 132, executing on athird-party server 130, as having programmatic access to the networkedsystem 102 via the programmatic interface provided by the API server120. The third-party server 130 may, for example, be a source ofgeospatial data useable by the GIS 142.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating components of a geographicinformation system (e.g., the GIS 142) suitable to receive geospatialdata, apply transformations, and generate and display a tile cache,according to some example embodiments. As is understood by skilledartisans in the relevant computer and Internet-related arts, eachcomponent (e.g., a module or engine) illustrated in FIG. 2 represents aset of executable software instructions and the corresponding hardware(e.g., memory and processor) for executing the instructions. The GIS 142is shown as including a data retrieval module 202, a coordinate module204, a transformation module 206, a tile caching module 208, and apresentation module 210, each of which is configured and communicativelycoupled to communicate with the other modules (e.g., via a bus, sharedmemory, or a switch).

Geospatial data is obtained via the data retrieval module 202, from oneor more data sources (e.g., the third-party servers 130 or the clientdevice 110). In such instances, the data retrieval module 202 mayreceive a request to retrieve geospatial data from the third partyserver 130, or from the client device 110. For example, a user on theclient device 110 may submit a request to the GIS 142 to retrievegeospatial data. The request may identify a source of the geospatialdata at either the third-party server 130, or from a location in clientdevice 110. Responsive to receiving the request the data retrievalmodule 202 retrieves the geospatial data for the GIS 142 from theidentified data source.

After obtaining the geospatial data, the data retrieval module 202provides the geospatial data to the coordinate module 204. Thecoordinate module 204 is configured to determine a projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data. In some example embodiments,the coordinate module 204 determines a projection and coordinate systembased on corresponding metadata of the geospatial data. For example, thegeospatial metadata may include coordinate values representinglongitude, latitude, and elevation. Based on the coordinate values, thecoordinate module 204 determines and assigns a projection and coordinatesystem to the geospatial data.

In instances where the geospatial data has no corresponding metadata,the coordinate module 204 determines a projection and coordinate systemof the geospatial data based on user input. For example, the coordinatemodule 204 may receive user input from the client device 110 identifyingmatching pairs of landmarks on the geospatial data and a base map, wherethe base map represents the same geographic area as the geospatial data.The user inputs may, for example, include sets of points which representmatching landmark pairs located within the geospatial data and the basemap. With the sets of points, the coordinate module 204 may determineand assign a projection and coordinate system to the geospatial data.

The transformation module 206 is configured to georectify (e.g., apply atransformation) the geospatial data based the projection and coordinatesystem determined by the coordinate module 204. The transformationmodule 206 applies a transformation to the geospatial data. Thetransformation converts the coordinate system in the geospatial data toanother coordinate system (e.g., the coordinate system of the base map).The transformation includes distortions applied to the geospatial data.

The tile caching module 208 is configured to obtain the transformedgeospatial data with corresponding projection and coordinate system, andgenerate a tile cache based on the transformed geospatial data. In atile cache, the geospatial data is tiled so that the geospatial data maybe represented as a set of polygonal tiles. Tiling geospatial databreaks the geospatial data into a manageable rectangular set, or rowsand columns of pixels, typically used to process a large amount of datawithout consuming vast quantities of computer memory. Thus, by tilingthe geospatial data in order to generate a tile cache of the geospatialdata, the GIS 142 enables a user to process a large amount of geospatialdata without consuming large quantities of computer memory.

The presentation module 210 is configured to present a graphical userinterface on the client device 110, where the graphical user interfaceincludes at least a presentation of the geospatial data. In otherexample embodiments, the presentation module 210 also causes the displayof a base map and the generated tile cache to the client device 110.

Any one or more of the modules described may be implemented usinghardware alone (e.g., one or more of the processors 212 of a machine) ora combination of hardware and software. For example, any moduledescribed of the GIS 142 may physically include an arrangement of one ormore of the processors 212 (e.g., a subset of or among the one or moreprocessors 212 of the machine) configured to perform the operationsdescribed herein for that module. As another example, any module of theGIS 142 may include software, hardware, or both, that configures anarrangement of one or more processors 212 (e.g., among the one or moreprocessors 212 of the machine) to perform the operations describedherein for that module. Accordingly, different modules of the GIS 142may include and configure different arrangements of such processors 212or a single arrangement of such processors 212 at different points intime. Moreover, any two or more modules of the GIS 142 may be combinedinto a single module, and the functions described herein for a singlemodule may be subdivided among multiple modules. Furthermore, accordingto various example embodiments, modules described herein as beingimplemented within a single machine, database, or device may bedistributed across multiple machines, databases, or devices.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the GIS 142 inperforming a method 300 of obtaining geospatial data in order togenerate a tile cache, according to some example embodiments. The method300 may be embodied in computer-readable instructions for execution byone or more processors such that the steps of the method 300 may beperformed in part or in whole by the components of the GIS 142;accordingly, the method 300 is described below by way of example withreference thereto. However, it shall be appreciated that the method 300may be deployed on various other hardware configurations and is notintended to be limited to the GIS 142.

At operation 305, the data retrieval module 202 obtains geospatial data.In some example embodiments the GIS 142 retrieves geospatial dataresponsive to a request from the client device 110. For example, a useron the client device 110 may provide the GIS 142 with geospatial datadirectly, or alternatively may identify a source of the geospatial dataon a third-party server 130 or a database server 124. The geospatialdata represents a geographic region, and may include correspondingmetadata.

At operation 310, the coordinate module 204 assigns a projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data. In instances in which themetadata includes coordinate values of the longitude, latitude, andelevation of the geospatial data, the coordinate module 204 determinesthe projection and coordinate system using the metadata of thegeospatial data. Example operations for carrying out operation 310 inscenarios in which the metadata of the geospatial data is not useable indetermining a projection and coordinate system are discussed below inreference to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5.

At operation 315, the transformation module 206 georectfies (e.g.,applies a transformation) the geospatial data based on at least thedetermined projection and coordinate system. Georectification takes animage (e.g., the geospatial data) that has not been adjusted to be in aknown coordinate system, and through applied transformations, puts theimage into a known coordinate system. As discussed above, a projectionand coordinate system may be determined by identifying sets of matchingpoints between the image (e.g., the geospatial data), and a base mapwhich includes a known projection and coordinate system. Thetransformation includes rotation, distortion, and scaling of thegeospatial data.

At operation 320, the tile caching module 208 generates a tile cachebased on the transformed geospatial data. As discussed above, a tilecache is a representation of the geospatial data. In a tile cache, thegeospatial data is represented as a set of polygonal tiles, orpolyhedral blocks, such that no figures overlap and there are no gaps.The tile caching module 208 generates a tile cache based on at least thetransformed geospatial data.

In some example embodiments, the GIS 142 assigns a timestamp to the tilecache. The timestamp indicates a time and date when the geospatial datawas first obtained. For example, the GIS 142 may obtain the time anddate that the data was obtained by checking the metadata of thegeospatial data. In some embodiments, a user may provide a timestamp tothe GIS 142 to be assigned to the geospatial data. By assigningtimestamps to the geospatial data, the GIS 142 may enable a user tocompare imagery taken on different dates in order to see any changesthat may have occurred (e.g., pre-and-post-disaster imagery).Additionally, the user may retrieve a tile cache from among one or moretile caches the user previous created, based on a user query whichincludes one or more criteria including a particular time or projectionsystem. Thus, in this way, a user may view the most recent tile cachebased on a query.

As shown in FIG. 4, one or more operations 311, 312, 313, and 314 may beperformed as part (e.g., a precursor task, a subroutine, or portion) ofoperation 310 of method 300, in which the coordinate module 204determines and assigns a projection and coordinate system to geospatialdata, according to some example embodiments. FIG. 4 depicts a scenariowhen the geospatial data lacks useful corresponding metadata (e.g.,longitude, latitude, or elevation values).

Operation 311 may be performed by the presentation module 210. Thepresentation module 210 causes presentation of a graphical userinterface including a display of a graphical representation of thegeospatial data on the client device 110. The geospatial data may be ofa file format that does not include metadata useable to determine aprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data. In some exampleembodiments the graphical user interface may include a file retrieval orentry field, enabling the user to upload or select geospatial data to bedisplayed in the graphical user interface at the client device 110. Forexample, the user may upload geospatial data (e.g., a surveillance imagefrom a drone) representative of a geographic region to the applicationservers 140 to be accessed by the GIS 142.

At operation 312, the coordinate module 204 presents base map data(e.g., from database 126) of the geographic region represented by thegeospatial data selected by the user in the graphical user interface.The base map includes a corresponding base-projection andbase-coordinate system, useable by the coordinate module 204 todetermine and assign a projection and coordinate system to thegeospatial data. In some example embodiments, the base map may beselected manually by the user via the graphical user interface on clientdevice 110. A user may search for a base map based on at least some ofsearch criteria and the geospatial data. The GIS 142 may causepresentation of a set of base maps in the graphical user interface forthe user to select a base map from.

In some example embodiments, the coordinate module 204 is furtherconfigured to automatically identify a base map based on at least thegeospatial data submitted by the user. As an example, the geospatialdata may include a presentation of landmarks and features of ageographic region, and based on the locations of the landmarks andfeatures relative to one another, the coordinate module 204 may searchfor and retrieve a set of base maps with similar landmarks and features.The presentation module 210 causes presentation of the set of base mapson the client device, along with a set of graphical elements that allowthe user to select an appropriate base map.

At operation 313, the coordinate module 204 receives user inputsidentifying landmark pairs (e.g., coordinate pairs) on the geospatialdata and the base map. The presentation module 210 may present the basemap and the geospatial data side by side in the graphical userinterface. The user may then select one or more pairs of matchinglandmarks visible on the geospatial data and the base map. Thegeospatial data may include a presentation of a geographic region. Thebase map therefore includes a presentation of the same geographicregion. The user may place markers (e.g., pins, flags, poles, orindicators) at corresponding locations on the geospatial data and thebase map. For example, both the base map and the geographic data mayinclude a presentation of a portion of a city with streets andintersections, and the user may place a marker at an intersectionvisible in the geospatial data, and then place a marker at the sameintersection visible in the base map. In some example embodiments, thecoordinate module 204 requires a predetermined number of landmark pairsin order to determine a projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data. For example, the coordinate module 204 may require thatthe user provide at least three landmark pairs.

At operation 314, the coordinate module 204 determines a projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data based on at least the userinputs and the base map.

As show in FIG. 5, one or more operations 515, 516, 517, and 518 may beperformed as an alternative part (e.g., a precursor task, a subroutine,or portion) of operation 310 of method 300, in which the coordinatemodule 204 determines and assigns a projection and coordinate system togeospatial data, according to some example embodiments. FIG. 5 depicts ascenario when the geospatial data lacks useful corresponding metadata(e.g., longitude, latitude, or elevation values).

Operation 515 may be performed by the presentation module 210. A useraccessing the GIS 142 via the client device 110, is presented with agraphical user interface including a display of the geospatial data onthe client device 110. In some example embodiments, the geospatial datamay be transparently overlaid over a base map.

At operation 516, as in operation 312 of FIG. 4, the coordinate module204 retrieves and presents a base map (e.g., from database 126) of thegeographic region represented by the geospatial data selected by theuser in the graphical user interface. The base map includes acorresponding base-projection and base-coordinate system, useable by thecoordinate module 204 as reference values to determine and assign aprojection and coordinate system to the geospatial data.

In some example embodiments, the presentation module 210 displays thegeospatial data with transparency in the graphical user interface alongwith the base map. At operation 517, the coordinate module 204 receivesuser inputs adjusting a position of the geospatial data in the graphicaluser interface to align the geospatial data with the base map. Forexample, the user may adjust the position of the geospatial data in thegraphical user interface so that the landmarks of the geospatial dataline up with the matching landmarks of the base map. The presentationmodule 210 may be configured to receive user inputs from the clientdevice 110 that scale the size of the geospatial data, and adjust theposition of the geospatial data in the graphical user interface.

At operation 518, the coordinate module 204 determines a projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data based on at least the positionof the geospatial data in the graphical user interface relative to thebase map, and the base-project and base-coordinate system of the basemap.

FIG. 6 is an interaction diagram depicting example exchanges between theGIS 142, third-party servers 130, and client device 110, consistent withsome example embodiments. At operation 602, geospatial data is generated(e.g., via aerial surveillance or a satellite) and stored in thethird-party servers 130. For example, a surveillance drone may take aset of high resolution images and transmit the images to the third-partyserver 130.

At operation 604, the GIS 142 obtains the geospatial data from thethird-party server 130. In some example embodiments, the GIS 142 mayobtain the geospatial data responsive to receiving a request for theclient device 110 via the data retrieval module 202. For example, therequest may identify a source for the geospatial data, and an identifierof the geospatial data. The data retrieval module 202 may then retrievethe geospatial data based on at least the identified source andidentifier of the geospatial data.

At operation 606, the presentation module 210 of the GIS 142 causes theclient device 110 to display the geospatial data. At operation 608, thegeospatial data is displayed on the client device 110. In some exampleembodiments, the presentation module 210 may also display a graphicaluser interface on the client device 110. The graphical user interfaceincludes a presentation of the geospatial data. At operation 610, theclient device 110 receives one or more user inputs on the geospatialdata, the one or more user inputs useable by the GIS 142 to determine aprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data.

At operation 612, the GIS 142 determines a projection and coordinatesystem of the geospatial data based on at least the one or more userinputs received via the client device 110. In some example embodiments,the coordinate module 204 may also check the geospatial data forcorresponding metadata which may include coordinate values forlongitude, latitude, and elevation. At operation 614, having determinedan appropriate projection and coordinate system to apply to thegeospatial data, the coordinate module 204 assigns the projection andcoordinate system to the geospatial data.

At operation 616, the transformation module 206 of the GIS 142georectifies (e.g., applies a transformation) the geospatial data basedon at least the assigned projection and coordinate system. Afterapplying appropriate transformations to the geospatial data, the tilecaching module 208 of the GIS 142 generates a tile cache. At operation616, the tile cache is presented on the client device 110.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a user interface (e.g., GIS interface700) for presenting geospatial data 702 usable by the GIS 142 togenerate and display a tile cache, according to some exampleembodiments. The GIS interface 700 is shown to include an imagery searchfield 710, configured to enable a user to search for, select, retrieve,and upload images (e.g., geospatial data 702) into the GIS 142. Thegeospatial data 702 is usable by the GIS 142 to generate and cause thedisplay of a tile cache, according to some example embodiments. Thegeospatial data 702 may include a single image, or multiple images(e.g., captured by an aerial surveillance drone or satellite) depictinga geographic region. The geospatial data 702 may further includerepresentations of unique landmarks and features (e.g., 704, 706, and708).

In some example embodiments, the geospatial data 702 include ahigh-resolution image obtained via aerial surveillance (e.g., drone,helicopter, airplane, satellite) and may be transmitted to a serveraccessible by the GIS 142 (e.g., the third-party server 130, thedatabase server 124). In further embodiments, the geospatial data may bereceived by a client device 110, and uploaded into a server accessibleby the GIS 142 via the GIS interface 700. In further embodiments, thegeospatial data 702 may reside on the client device 110, and may beuploaded to the servers (e.g., database servers 124) of the GIS 142.

A user accessing the GIS 142 on a client device 110 is presented withthe GIS interface 700, including the imagery search field 710. The usermay provide the imagery search field 710 with search criteria (e.g., afile name, file source) in order to retrieve one or more images and datato be uploaded into the GIS 142, and to generate an present a tile cachebased on the uploaded image (e.g., geospatial data 702).

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the GIS interface 700 displaying a basemap 802 of the geographic region represented by geospatial data (e.g.,geospatial data 702). The coordinate module 204 of the GIS 142 uses thebase map 802 to determine a projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data (e.g., geospatial data 702). The base map 802 includesmetadata (e.g., FGDC, MARC, Dublin Core) useable by the coordinatemodule 204 to determine a projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data 702, as described in the operations of FIG. 3 above. Forexample, the corresponding metadata may include information definingcoordinates of the base map 802 (e.g., longitude, latitude, andelevation) that may be used by the coordinate module 204 to determineand assign a projection and coordinate system to the base map 802.

In some example embodiments, the GIS 142 may retrieve the base map 802in response to a user uploading geospatial data (e.g., the geospatialdata 702). The GIS 142 may search for a base map (e.g., the base map802) based on the locations of one or more landmarks (e.g., 704, 706,and 708) within the geospatial data (e.g., geospatial data 702), or aset of coordinates corresponding to the geographic region represented bythe geospatial data 702. Upon identifying a base map (e.g., the base map802) based on at least coordinates or the locations of the one or morelandmarks (e.g., 704, 706, and 708), the GIS 142 causes display of thebase map 802 on the client device 110.

In further embodiments, a user may simply retrieve and upload the basemap 802 into the GIS 142 via the imagery search field 710 by providingthe imagery search field 710 with a file name and file location of thebase map 802. The base map 802 may reside within a server remote fromthe GIS 142 (e.g., third-party server 130), or within the client device110. The GIS 142 may retrieve the base map 802 responsive to a commandfrom the client device 110. In some embodiments, the GIS 142 may retaina set of base maps, including base map 802, within a local server (e.g.,database server 124), and access the base map 802 responsive to acommand from the client device 110 identifying the base map 802.

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the GIS interface 700 including apresentation of the geospatial data 702 and the base map 802, configuredto receive one or more user inputs 904, 906, and 908 identifyingmatching landmark pairs between geospatial data (e.g., the geospatialdata 702), and base map (e.g., the base map 802). Thus, a user on aclient device 110 may provide the GIS interface 700 with inputs (e.g.,inputs 904, 906, and 908) via a cursor 902, identifying matchinglandmark pairs (e.g., 704, 706, and 708) between the geospatial data 702and the base map 802.

FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the GIS interface 700, generated bythe presentation module 210, configured to receive a user input aligninggeospatial data (e.g., geospatial data 702) with a base map (e.g., thebase map 802), according to some example embodiments. For example, thebase map 802 may include a corresponding projection and coordinatesystem. A user manipulating a cursor 1002 may align the geospatial data702 with the base map 802, such that the landmarks of the geospatialdata 702 occupy the same location in the GIS interface 700 as thecorresponding landmarks of the base map 802. In response, the coordinatemodule 204 may determine and apply the projection and coordinate systemof the base map 802 to the geospatial data 702, thus enabling thetransformation module 206 to apply a transformation to the geospatialdata 702.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine 1100,according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions 1124from a machine-readable medium 1122 (e.g., a non-transitorymachine-readable medium, a machine-readable storage medium, acomputer-readable storage medium, or any suitable combination thereof)and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, inwhole or in part. Specifically, FIG. 11 shows the machine 1100 in theexample form of a computer system (e.g., a computer) within which theinstructions 1124 (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet,an app, or other executable code) for causing the machine 1100 toperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein may beexecuted, in whole or in part.

In alternative embodiments, the machine 1100 operates as a standalonedevice or may be communicatively coupled (e.g., networked) to othermachines. In a networked deployment, the machine 1100 may operate in thecapacity of a server machine or a client machine in a server-clientnetwork environment, or as a peer machine in a distributed (e.g.,peer-to-peer) network environment. The machine 1100 may be a servercomputer, a client computer, a PC, a tablet computer, a laptop computer,a netbook, a cellular telephone, a smartphone, a set-top box (STB), apersonal digital assistant (PDA), a web appliance, a network router, anetwork switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable of executingthe instructions 1124, sequentially or otherwise, that specify actionsto be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine isillustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include anycollection of machines that individually or jointly execute theinstructions 1124 to perform all or part of any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The machine 1100 includes a processor 1102 (e.g., a central processingunit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digital signal processor(DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), aradio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), or any suitable combinationthereof), a main memory 1104, and a static memory 1106, which areconfigured to communicate with each other via a bus 1108. The processor1102 may contain solid-state digital microcircuits (e.g., electronic,optical, or both) that are configurable, temporarily or permanently, bysome or all of the instructions 1124 such that the processor 1102 isconfigurable to perform any one or more of the methodologies describedherein, in whole or in part. For example, a set of one or moremicrocircuits of the processor 1102 may be configurable to execute oneor more modules (e.g., software modules) described herein. In someexample embodiments, the processor 1102 is a multicore CPU (e.g., adual-core CPU, a quad-core CPU, or a 128-core CPU) within which each ofmultiple cores is a separate processor that is able to perform any oneor more of the methodologies discussed herein, in whole or in part.Although the beneficial effects described herein may be provided by themachine 1100 with at least the processor 1102, these same effects may beprovided by a different kind of machine that contains no processors(e.g., a purely mechanical system, a purely hydraulic system, or ahybrid mechanical-hydraulic system), if such a processor-less machine isconfigured to perform one or more of the methodologies described herein.

The machine 1100 may further include a graphics display 1110 (e.g., aplasma display panel (PDP), a light emitting diode (LED) display, aliquid crystal display (LCD), a projector, a cathode ray tube (CRT), orany other display capable of displaying graphics or video). The machine1100 may also include an input/output device 1112 (e.g., a keyboard orkeypad, a mouse, or a trackpad), a storage unit 1116, an audiogeneration device 1118 (e.g., a sound card, an amplifier, a speaker, aheadphone jack, or any suitable combination thereof), and a networkinterface device 1120.

The storage unit 1116 includes the machine-readable medium 1122 (e.g., atangible and non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) on whichare stored the instructions 1124 embodying any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1124 mayalso reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory1104, within the processor 1102 (e.g., within the processor's cachememory), within the static memory 1106, or all three, before or duringexecution thereof by the machine 1100. Accordingly, the main memory 1104and the processor 1102 may be considered machine-readable media (e.g.,tangible and non-transitory machine-readable media). The instructions1124 may be transmitted or received over a network 1126 via the networkinterface device 1120. For example, the network interface device 1120may communicate the instructions 1124 using any one or more transferprotocols (e.g., hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)).

As used herein, the term “memory” refers to a machine-readable mediumable to store data temporarily or permanently and may be taken toinclude, but not be limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, and cache memory. While themachine-readable medium 1122 is shown in an example embodiment to be asingle medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken toinclude a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized ordistributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to storethe instructions 1124. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also betaken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that iscapable of storing the instructions 1124 for execution by the machine1100, such that the instructions 1124, when executed by one or moreprocessors of the machine 1100 (e.g., processor 1102), cause the machine1100 to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein,in whole or in part. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium” refers toa single storage apparatus or device, as well as cloud-based storagesystems or storage networks that include multiple storage apparatus ordevices. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly be takento include, but not be limited to, one or more tangible andnon-transitory data repositories (e.g., data volumes) in the exampleform of a solid-state memory chip, an optical disc, a magnetic disc, orany suitable combination thereof. A “non-transitory” machine-readablemedium, as used herein, specifically does not include propagatingsignals per se. In some example embodiments, the instructions 1124 forexecution by the machine 1100 may be communicated by a carrier medium.Examples of such a carrier medium include a storage medium (e.g., anon-transitory machine-readable storage medium, such as a solid-statememory, being physically moved from one place to another place) and atransient medium (e.g., a propagating signal that communicates theinstructions 1124).

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules may constitute softwaremodules (e.g., code stored or otherwise embodied on a machine-readablemedium or in a transmission medium), hardware modules, or any suitablecombination thereof. A “hardware module” is a tangible (e.g.,non-transitory) unit capable of performing certain operations and may beconfigured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various exampleembodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computersystem, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one ormore hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a groupof processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application orapplication portion) as a hardware module that operates to performcertain operations as described herein.

In some embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically,electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, ahardware module may include dedicated circuitry or logic that ispermanently configured to perform certain operations. For example, ahardware module may be a special-purpose processor, such as a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA) or an ASIC. A hardware module may alsoinclude programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configuredby software to perform certain operations. For example, a hardwaremodule may include software encompassed within a CPU or otherprogrammable processor. It will be appreciated that the decision toimplement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanentlyconfigured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g.,configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the phrase “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity, and such a tangible entity may bephysically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), ortemporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manneror to perform certain operations described herein. As used herein,“hardware-implemented module” refers to a hardware module. Consideringembodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g.,programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured orinstantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardwaremodule comprises a CPU configured by software to become aspecial-purpose processor, the CPU may be configured as respectivelydifferent special-purpose processors (e.g., each included in a differenthardware module) at different times. Software (e.g., a software module)may accordingly configure one or more processors, for example, toconstitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time and toconstitute a different hardware module at a different instance of time.

Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiplehardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achievedthrough signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses)between or among two or more of the hardware modules. In embodiments inwhich multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated atdifferent times, communications between such hardware modules may beachieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of informationin memory structures to which the multiple hardware modules have access.For example, one hardware module may perform an operation and store theoutput of that operation in a memory device to which it iscommunicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a latertime, access the memory device to retrieve and process the storedoutput. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input oroutput devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection ofinformation).

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions describedherein. Accordingly, the operations described herein may be at leastpartially processor-implemented, since a processor is an example ofhardware. For example, at least some operations of any method may beperformed by one or more processor-implemented modules. As used herein,“processor-implemented module” refers to a hardware module in which thehardware includes one or more processors. Moreover, the one or moreprocessors may also operate to support performance of the relevantoperations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a “software as aservice” (SaaS). For example, at least some of the operations may beperformed by a group of computers (as examples of machines includingprocessors), with these operations being accessible via a network (e.g.,the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., anapplication program interface (API)).

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures andfunctionality presented as separate components in example configurationsmay be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly,structures and functionality presented as a single component may beimplemented as separate components. These and other variations,modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of thesubject matter herein.

The performance of certain operations may be distributed among the oneor more processors, whether residing only within a single machine ordeployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, theone or more processors or hardware modules (e.g., processor-implementedmodules) may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within ahome environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In otherexample embodiments, the one or more processors or hardware modules maybe distributed across a number of geographic locations.

Some portions of the subject matter discussed herein may be presented interms of algorithms or symbolic representations of operations on datastored as bits or binary digital signals within a machine memory (e.g.,a computer memory). Such algorithms or symbolic representations areexamples of techniques used by those of ordinary skill in the dataprocessing arts to convey the substance of their work to others skilledin the art. As used herein, an “algorithm” is a self-consistent sequenceof operations or similar processing leading to a desired result. In thiscontext, algorithms and operations involve physical manipulation ofphysical quantities. Typically, but not necessarily, such quantities maytake the form of electrical, magnetic, or optical signals capable ofbeing stored, accessed, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwisemanipulated by a machine. It is convenient at times, principally forreasons of common usage, to refer to such signals using words such as“data,” “content,” “bits,” “values,” “elements,” “symbols,”“characters,” “terms,” “numbers,” “numerals,” or the like. These words,however, are merely convenient labels and are to be associated withappropriate physical quantities.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using wordssuch as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,”“presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions orprocesses of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transformsdata represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical)quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory,non-volatile memory, or any suitable combination thereof), registers, orother machine components that receive, store, transmit, or displayinformation. Furthermore, unless specifically stated otherwise, theterms “a” or “an” are herein used, as is common in patent documents, toinclude one or more than one instance. Finally, as used herein, theconjunction “or” refers to a non-exclusive “or,” unless specificallystated otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: processors; and a memorystoring instructions that, when executed by at least one processor amongthe processors, causes the system to perform operations comprising:accessing geospatial data at the system, the geospatial data depicting ageographic region; determining a first projection and coordinate systemof the geospatial data; applying one or more transformations to thegeospatial data based on the first projection and coordinate system ofthe geospatial data, and a second projection and coordinate system; andgenerating a tile cache based on the transformed geospatial data.
 2. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the geospatial data comprises metadata, andthe determining the first projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data includes: determining the first projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data based on the metadata.
 3. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the determining the first projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data includes: identifying adepiction of a landmark within the geospatial data; selecting a base mapfrom among a plurality of base maps based on the depiction of thelandmark, the base map defining a base projection and coordinate system;and determining the first projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data based on the base projection and coordinate system ofthe base map.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the applying the one ormore transformations to the geospatial data based on the firstprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data, and the secondprojection and coordinate system includes: scaling the geospatial databased on the second projection and coordinate system.
 5. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the applying the one or more transformations to thegeospatial data based on the first projection and coordinate system ofthe geospatial data, and the second projection and coordinate systemincludes: rotating the geospatial data based on the second projectionand coordinate system.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein theinstructions cause the system to perform operations further comprising:receiving a request to display the geographic area from a client device;retrieving the tile cache in response to the request to display thegeographic area; and rendering a presentation of the geographic area atthe client device based on the tile cache.
 7. The system of claim 6,wherein the rendering the presentation of the geographic area at theclient device based on the tile cache includes: transmitting a portionof the tile cache to the client device; and rendering the geographicarea based on the portion of the tile cache.
 8. A non-transitorymachine-readable storage medium comprising instructions that, whenexecuted by one or more processors of a machine, cause the machine toperform operations comprising: accessing geospatial data at the system,the geospatial data depicting a geographic region; determining a firstprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data; applying one ormore transformations to the geospatial data based on the firstprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data, and a secondprojection and coordinate system; and generating a tile cache based onthe transformed geospatial data.
 9. The non-transitory machine-readablestorage medium of claim 8, wherein the geospatial data comprisesmetadata, and the determining the first projection and coordinate systemof the geospatial data includes: determining the first projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data based on the metadata.
 10. Thenon-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein thedetermining the first projection and coordinate system of the geospatialdata includes: identifying a depiction of a landmark within thegeospatial data; selecting a base map from among a plurality of basemaps based on the depiction of the landmark, the base map defining abase projection and coordinate system; and determining the firstprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data based on thebase projection and coordinate system of the base map.
 11. Thenon-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 8, wherein theapplying the one or more transformations to the geospatial data based onthe first projection and coordinate system of the geospatial data, andthe second projection and coordinate system includes: scaling thegeospatial data based on the second projection and coordinate system.12. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 8,wherein the applying the transformation to the geospatial data based onthe first projection and coordinate system of the geospatial data, andthe second projection and coordinate system includes: rotating thegeospatial data based on the second projection and coordinate system.13. The non-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 8,wherein the instructions cause the machine to perform operations furthercomprising: receiving a request to display the geographic area from aclient device; retrieving the tile cache in response to the request todisplay the geographic area; and rendering a presentation of thegeographic area at the client device based on the tile cache.
 14. Thenon-transitory machine-readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein therendering the presentation of the geographic area at the client devicebased on the tile cache includes: transmitting a portion of the tilecache to the client device; and rendering the geographic area based onthe portion of the tile cache.
 15. A method comprising: accessinggeospatial data at the system, the geospatial data depicting ageographic region; determining a first projection and coordinate systemof the geospatial data; applying one or more transformations to thegeospatial data based on the first projection and coordinate system ofthe geospatial data, and a second projection and coordinate system; andgenerating a tile cache based on the transformed geospatial data. 16.The method of claim 15, wherein the geospatial data comprises metadata,and the determining the first projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data includes: determining the first projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data based on the metadata.
 17. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the determining the first projection andcoordinate system of the geospatial data includes: identifying adepiction of a landmark within the geospatial data; selecting a base mapfrom among a plurality of base maps based on the depiction of thelandmark, the base map defining a base projection and coordinate system;and determining the first projection and coordinate system of thegeospatial data based on the base projection and coordinate system ofthe base map.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein the applying the oneor more transformations to the geospatial data based on the firstprojection and coordinate system of the geospatial data, and the secondprojection and coordinate system includes: scaling the geospatial databased on the second projection and coordinate system.
 19. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the applying the one or more transformations to thegeospatial data based on the first projection and coordinate system ofthe geospatial data, and the second projection and coordinate systemincludes: rotating the geospatial data based on the second projectionand coordinate system.
 20. The method of claim 15, wherein theinstructions cause the system to perform operations further comprising:receiving a request to display the geographic area from a client device;retrieving the tile cache in response to the request to display thegeographic area; and rendering a presentation of the geographic area atthe client device based on the tile cache.